Navigating Global Pharmacy Practice: Insights into Equivalency Exams for Pharmacy Graduates

Many pharmacy graduates face the challenge of transitioning their degrees across different countries or jurisdictions, often requiring them to undergo equivalency exams. These exams are designed to ensure that pharmacists possess the necessary knowledge and skills required for practice in a new location. Here are some key points to consider when exploring equivalency exams for pharmacy graduates:

Purpose of Equivalency Exams: Equivalency exams serve several purposes, including assessing the competency of pharmacy graduates, ensuring adherence to local laws and regulations, and maintaining high standards of patient care and safety.

Types of Equivalency Exams: Equivalency exams can vary in format and content. They may include written exams, practical assessments, or a combination of both. Some exams focus on general pharmacy knowledge, while others may have specific sections for different pharmacy specialties.

Preparation for Equivalency Exams: Preparation is crucial for success in equivalency exams. Pharmacy graduates should familiarize themselves with the exam format, content outlines, and study materials provided by regulatory bodies or licensing authorities. Reviewing relevant textbooks, guidelines, and practice questions can also be beneficial.

Documentation and Eligibility: Pharmacy graduates seeking to take equivalency exams typically need to submit various documents, such as proof of education, transcripts, and professional credentials. It's essential to review eligibility requirements and ensure all necessary documentation is in order before applying for exams.

Exam Day Tips: On the day of the exam, candidates should arrive early, follow all instructions provided by exam administrators, and manage their time effectively during the test. It's crucial to remain calm and focused, recalling the knowledge and skills gained during pharmacy education and any additional preparation undertaken.

Post-Exam Process: After completing the equivalency exam, candidates may need to wait for exam results and undergo additional steps, such as interviews or practical assessments, depending on the regulatory requirements. It's essential to stay informed about the post-exam process and any subsequent licensure or registration procedures.

Continuous Learning: Equivalency exams are not the end of the learning journey but rather a stepping stone to professional practice. Pharmacy graduates should engage in continuous learning, staying updated with advancements in pharmacy practice, regulations, and patient care standards.

Country Wise:

United States (US): In the US, pharmacy graduates from foreign countries often need to pass the Foreign Pharmacy Graduate Examination Committee (FPGEC) Exam administered by the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy (NABP). This exam assesses their knowledge of pharmacy practice in the US and is a prerequisite for obtaining a Foreign Pharmacy Graduate Examination Committee (FPGEC) Certification, which is required for licensure in most states.

Canada: In Canada, pharmacists trained outside the country may need to undergo the Pharmacy Examining Board of Canada (PEBC) Evaluating Exam and Qualifying Exam. These exams evaluate their knowledge and skills in pharmacy practice according to Canadian standards. Successful completion allows them to apply for licensure in Canadian provinces.

United Kingdom (UK): Pharmacists from overseas seeking registration in the UK may need to take the Overseas Pharmacists Assessment Programme (OSPAP) Exam conducted by the General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC). This exam tests their understanding of UK pharmacy practice, laws, and regulations.

Australia: In Australia, overseas-trained pharmacists may be required to pass the Australian Pharmacy Council (APC) Exam and The Knowledge Assessment of Pharmaceutical Sciences (KAPS), which includes a written exam and a practical assessment. Successful candidates can then apply for registration with the Pharmacy Board of Australia.

European Union (EU): Pharmacists trained outside the European Union may need to take the Competency Assessment for Overseas Pharmacists (CAOP) Exam to practice within EU member states. The exam assesses their competencies in line with EU pharmacy directives.

Some other examples:

• Saudi Arabia: SCHS exam and Prometric exam.

• UAE: MOH exam and DHA exam.

• Qatar: QCHP exam

• Kuwait: KIMS exam.

• Oman: OMSB exam.

• Bahrain: BMC exam.

• Egypt: Egyptian Pharmacists Syndicate exam.

• Jordan: Jordan Pharmacists Association exam.

• UK: General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC) registration exam.

• Australia: Australian Pharmacy Council (APC).

• New Zealand: New Zealand Pharmacy Council (NZPC).

• Germany: Kenntnisprüfung (Knowledge Exam) and the Staats examen (State Exam).

• India: Foreign Pharmacy Graduate Examination (FPGE).

• Language proficiency tests may be required based on the country's requirements.

• Verify requirements with the relevant health authority or professional body.

Each country's equivalency exam process reflects its unique healthcare system, regulatory requirements, and standards of pharmacy practice. Understanding these differences and preparing accordingly is crucial for pharmacy graduates navigating international licensure and Practice.

Best Fellowships for Pharm.D (Doctor of Pharmacy) and MBBS

Best Fellowships after Pharm.D (Doctor of Pharmacy) and MBBS

 

Most of us are aware that we can do MD which is in abroad and some may be thinking of doing a Ph.D. but other than this there is no idea on what to do after Pharm D so in this blog we will discuss about something about fellowships or residency programs that are available in India

           yes, you heard it right. Scholarships or Residency programs are one of the golden opportunities for the Indian Pharm.D graduates to specialize themselves and gain a thorough knowledge of specialized departments like 

      Residency Program is a structured, directed, salaried postgraduate training program in pharmacy a practice that typically lasts one or two years. This program focuses mainly on the development of competency skills and application of drug therapy knowledge in providing a broad scope of pharmaceutical services to the patients as simple it is the program which expertise the Pharm D graduates on specialized areas like Oncology, Nephrology, etc.,

These fellowships are generally divided into two parts postgraduate year one and postgraduate year 2

          so in the first year of the program, the PharmD graduates will be doing their regular internships from 2nd-year students will be trained under any specialized clinical area by the dedicated clinical practitioners or Doctors.

         During these Residency programs, students will be paid for their service, and only if the minimum number of students will be taken for Residency Program may be one or two per year, so there is a high competition for this type of Fellowship program.

We came across four

1. JSS  Academy Of Higher Education and Research

2. Sri Shankara Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Bengaluru

3. HCG cancer hospital, Banglore

4. Tata Memorial Centre for advanced treatment Research and Education in Cancer, Navi Mumbai

 let's look at these individual institutions in details and what are their requirements to join this fellowship program

1. JSS Academy Of Higher Education and Research 

JSS Provides a two-year fellowship/residency program after Pharm D in oncotherapy and Nephrology. It is called a "

 The main aim of this Fellowship is:

1. To advance knowledge develop skills and competencies to practice efficiently after pharmacy graduation

2. To provide training to Pharmacy graduates on specialty pharmacy practice

3. To be competent in managing daily clinical pharmacy services in an oncology care setting.

 Duration of the course is 2 years which is divided into 

1.First-year: training and exposure in clinical pharmacy practice in the diverse patient population 

2.Second-year: specialty training and exposure in clinical pharmacy practice in oncology

 Eligibility:

1. Pharm D degree with a minimum the aggregate of 60 percent are eligible for the fellowship

2. The applicant should be a registered pharmacist

where a stipend of 15,000 per month is provided for the student for 2 years as fellowship.

 

 

 2.Sri Shankara Cancer Hospital and Research Center Fellowship 

which offers Fellowship in oncology for Pharm D graduates, which is of 18 months duration, and there are only two seats available.

  3. Hcg cancer hospital, Fellowship.

Eligibility for the Program: A candidate who has completed a Pharm.D degree with minimum aggregate marks of 60% (aggregate of 5 years) from any Pharmacy College Approved by Pharmacy Council of India, New Delhi, and affiliated to a recognized university.

            HCG offers a 2 year fellowship program in oncotherapy where the first year includes a classroom study along with the hospital visits. In contrast, a second-year is entirely dedicated to hospital work or internship, where the student will put forward his gained knowledge into practical aspects.

 

4.  Tata Memorial Cancer Hospital, Fellowship.

          It is one of the premier institutes in the country that offers the fellowship program in oncotherapy with is of one year's duration, and there is only one seat available in the institute where the eligibility is pharm D or MD in Pharmacology. Pharm.D graduates will be paid 53,000 per month, and MD Pharmacology graduate will be provided a 65,000 per month stipend during the study.

In this article, we have shared the opportunities for the students after graduating from pharm D in India we have so far got four institutes from our research if you have more suggestion or any institutes that you know which provide the fellowship programs in India you can kindly message in the comment box which will be helpful for the needy graduates.

Disclaimer: We collected information about all the fellowships from various sources. Please do check the official websites of those institutions for updated information about those fellowships. This information is just for awareness purposes only, not endorsing any institute.

Please support us by following through your mail id and Comment, What's your opinion on these fellowships.

Share this article with your Pharma friends. Thank you

If you didn't go through my previous articles, please go through the below-mentioned links.

Click Here to know about career opportunities for Pharm.D

Click Here to know about How to choose top-notch research work in 5th Year Pharm D

Click Here to know about Short term courses after B Pharm or Pharm D (Doctor of Pharmacy)

Short term courses after B Pharm or Pharm D (Doctor of Pharmacy)

Short term courses after B Pharm or Pharm D (Doctor of Pharmacy)

Many Pharmacy students will rack their brains about what to do after Completion of their B Pharm or Pharm D. They will be fighting tooth and nails to get good jobs and salary and also in search of excellent skills and extra other short period certification courses. Before getting into content,   I came up with a notification from the Indian government released on 16^th July 2019. This is exclusively for Pharm D students, which says that Pharm D doctors and B pharm.. or M pharm are one and the same. I mean they can enter any job sectors where B pharm or M pharm students are eligible. So It is suggesting that PharmDians are also eligible to study some courses which Bpharm or Mpharm people opt after completion, of their course. Let's get started. 

I shortlisted some of the short term courses with a duration of not more than 2 years, i.e., associate degree or diploma courses or less than a year in the count of the month, i.e., program. Many people do not know about some of these courses.

 Now we can see one by one course in detail.

 1)  Medical coding

 Medical coding is the transformation of healthcare diagnosis, procedures, medical services, and equipment into universal medical alphanumeric codes. The diagnoses and procedure codes are taken from medical record documentation, such as transcription of physician's notes, laboratory, and radiologic results, etc. This course has many divisions like CPC, CAC, HPCS, and so on, depending upon Jobs required.

Jobs: as a Medical coder in clinical research fields, pharmaceutical companies, Hospitals & doctors' offices, Healthcare consulting services, Educational institutions, Insurance agencies, Law firms, Government agencies, Work-from-home medical coding.

Salary of Medical coders at the beginning is approximately Rs. 15-20000/-, further, it may increase your experience.

2) Medical billing :

Medical billing translates a healthcare service into a billing claim. Medical billing is the process of submitting and following up on claims with health insurance companies to receive payment for services rendered by a healthcare provider.

Courses: similar to coding courses

Both medical coding and medical billing courses can be learned together. Because the coders and billers in hospital sectors together have a variety of tasks. The primary difference, however, is that medical coders translate medical services into codes, while medical billers translate the claims from these codes into reimbursements from insurance and patients.

Jobs: most fields and sectors where medical coders are present and especially in hospitals and health sectors.

3) Medical writing: 

If you have great writing skills, I suggest this course. Medical writing involves writing scientific documents of different types, which include regulatory and research-related documents, disease or drug-related educational and promotional literature, publication articles like journal manuscripts and abstracts, content for healthcare websites, health-related magazines, or news ...

Duration of course:-3-6 months candidate is expected to complete the course in a minimum of three and a maximum of six months.

Jobs:- Medical journalism, publications, and presentations, research documents, regulatory documents, medical marketing of health care products.

Salary: 20-25 k/month, in the beginning , goes up to 1 lakhs/month upon your experience and skills.

4)Clinical SAS / SAS Clinical 

Clinical SAS is the application of SAS technology to the clinical domain for clinical trial data analysis in pharmaceutical/biotech and clinical research companies. It is used to organize, standardize, and manage clinical research data. SAS Clinical helps to analyze data sets and support strategic analyses.

Course duration: Clinical SAS training takes a maximum of 2 to 3 months.

 Job opportunities: As a clinical SAS programmer in pharmaceutical Industries, clinical research companies, clinical trials

Salary: of the job is initially when you begin the job, your pay scale maybe 2-3 lakhs per annum, later after 2-3 years of experience, it may increase up to 4-5 lakh per annum.

 5) Pharmacovigilance :

Pharmacovigilance (PV or PhV), also known as drug safety, is the pharmacological science relating to the collection, detection, assessment, monitoring, and prevention of adverse effects with pharmaceutical products. As such, pharmacovigilance heavily focuses on adverse drug reactions, or ADRs, and medication errors.

 Duration: certificate course takes four months, and pg diploma course takes one year to 1 and a half years.

 Jobs: Clinical research fields and pharmaceutical companies.

Salary: A jobholder in this field can quickly get the starting salary of Rs.3.5 - Rs.8 lakhs per annum. As more recognition is given to drug safety all over the world, jobs in India in this field are increasing in number.

6) Nutrition and dietetics: 

Nutrition and Dietetics is a field in medical science that helps in keeps individuals fit. Nutrition is the study of nutrients in the food, how the body uses nutrients, and the relationship between diet, health, and diseases. The interpretation and communication of the science of nutrition so that people can make practical choices about food and lifestyle in both health and disease.

Duration of course: 1 year to 3 years based on the type of class like a diploma, degree, or Master's degree in nutrition and dietetics.

 Jobs: available as nutritionist and dietitian In health sectors, and also in fitness centers.

 Salary: of Nutritionist and dietitian is 16 k to 20 k at the beginning, and with experience, after 4-5 years, your salary may go up to 40-50 k.

7) Pharmaceutical Marketing and management :

  This is A program that combines the study of primary and pharmaceutical sciences with marketing and management studies, and that prepares individuals for careers in pharmaceutical sales, marketing, management, and related fields within the health care industry.

 Course duration: is about 4-6 months for the certification course and one year for a pg diploma course. And guys, there is also an MBA in Pharmaceutical Marketing and management, a post-graduate course with a duration of 2 years.

 Jobs: pharma company marketing manager, pharma eCommerce jobs, and Marketing and management related jobs in Pharma industries.

 Salary: of these jobs depends upon Skills, experience in the position and type, of course, you studied like a diploma or degree so on.. A well versed experienced person in this field gets up to 10-14 lakhs per year or annum.

8)Clinical research : 

It is a branch of healthcare science that determines the safety and effectiveness (efficacy) of medications, devices, diagnostic products, and treatment regimens intended for human use. These may be used for prevention, treatment, diagnosis, or for relieving symptoms of a disease.

So the duration of this course is six months for the certification course and one-year pg diploma course, and also, there is an MSc in Clinical research that is two years of duration.

Job: available as a Clinical research Analyst, Clinical Research Associates, Clinical Research Coordinator, Clinical Research Physicians, Biostatistician.

The average salary is about two and a half lakh to 5lakh.

9) Medicinal chemistry :

 Many of you pharmacy graduates or students know about this as a subject, so this Medicinal Chemistry program covers the dynamic areas of interest, which includes knowledge about drug discovery, product chemistry, organic synthesis, and much more. The course consists of topics surrounding the study of chemical bonding, chemical kinetics, synthetic organic chemistry, Thermodynamics, and others.

This course duration is three months for certification and also has Msc in medicinal chemistry with a duration of 2 years.

Then jobs here are mainly as an associate researcher and assistant professor. Also, in clinical research fields.

So guys here we go with the last course that is

10) Biostatistics or Pharmaceutical statistics

Biostatistics covers applications and contributions not only from health, medicines and, nutrition but also from fields such as genetics, biology, epidemiology, and many others. O It mainly consists of various steps like the generation of hypothesis, collection of data, and application of statistical analysis.

Duration in, pg diploma in biostatistics takes one year, and about certificate courses, you will find hardly very few institutions offer certificate courses in biostatistics.

Jobs available areas biostatistician in industries, clinical research companies, and in a few other sectors.

So the average salary of biostatisticians in India is 5 lakh approximately And variable Depending on the type of job and experience.

So, guys, these all are the courses I enlisted for You all my Pharmacy friends. These improve the quality of your resumes, in some cases, especially in Pharmaceutical industries. However, if you get a job thereby directly on your Graduate certificate and your Interview skills, while on your career, those industries may offer you to study free without Making you pay fees or those companies like Sun Pharma, IQVIA and some others pay your short term courses fees. So I also want you people to be motivated all the time and keep hardworking that gives excellent later on.

Work Hard in silence, and Make noise with Success. 

Kindly share this with your Pharmacy friends.

Click Here to know about career opportunities for Pharm.D

In cell studies, seaweed extract outperforms remdesivir in blocking COVID-19 virus

In a test of antiviral effectiveness against the virus that causes COVID-19, an extract from edible seaweeds substantially outperformed remdesivir, the current standard antiviral used to combat the disease. Heparin, a common blood thinner, and a heparin variant stripped of its anticoagulant properties, performed on par with remdesivir in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection in mammalian cells. The research is the latest example of a decoy strategy researchers from the Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies (CBIS) at Rensselear Polytechnic Institute are developing against viruses like the novel coronavirus that spawned the current global health crisis.

The spike protein on the surface of SARS-CoV-2 latches onto the ACE-2 receptor, a molecule on the surface of human cells. Once secured, the virus inserts its own genetic material into the cell, hijacking the cellular machinery to produce replica viruses. But the virus could just as easily be persuaded to lock onto a decoy molecule that offers a similar fit. The neutralized virus would be trapped and eventually degrade naturally.
Previous research has shown this decoy technique works in trapping other viruses, including dengue, Zika, and influenza A.
"We're learning how to block viral infection, and that is knowledge we are going to need if we want to rapidly confront pandemics," said Jonathan Dordick, the lead researcher and a professor of chemical and biological engineering at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. "The reality is that we don't have great antivirals. To protect ourselves against future pandemics, we are going to need an arsenal of approaches that we can quickly adapt to emerging viruses."
The Cell Discovery paper tests antiviral activity in three variants of heparin (heparin, trisulfated heparin, and a non-anticoagulant low molecular weight heparin) and two fucoidans (RPI-27 and RPI-28) extracted from seaweed. All five compounds are long chains of sugar molecules known as sulfated polysaccharides, a structural conformation that the results of a binding study published earlier this month in Antiviral Research suggested as an effective decoy.
The researchers performed a dose response study known as an EC50 -- shorthand for the effective concentration of the compound that inhibits 50% of viral infectivity -- with each of the five compounds on mammalian cells. For the results of an EC50, which are given in a molar concentration, a lower value signals a more potent compound.
RPI-27 yielded an EC50 value of approximately 83 nanomolar, while a similar previously published and independent in vitro test of remdesivir on the same mammalian cells yielded an EC50 of 770 nanomolar. Heparin yielded an EC50 of 2.1 micromolar, or about one-third as active as remdesivir, and a non-anticoagulant analog of heparin yielded an EC50 of 5.0 micromolar, about one-fifth as active as remdesivir.
A separate test found no cellular toxicity in any of the compounds, even at the highest concentrations tested.
"What interests us is a new way of getting at infection," said Robert Linhardt, a Rensselaer professor of chemistry and chemical biology who is collaborating with Dordick to develop the decoy strategy. "The current thinking is that the COVID-19 infection starts in the nose, and either of these substances could be the basis for a nasal spray. If you could simply treat the infection early, or even treat before you have the infection, you would have a way of blocking it before it enters the body."
Dordick added that compounds from seaweed "could serve as a basis for an oral delivery approach to address potential gastrointestinal infection."
In studying SARS-CoV-2 sequencing data, Dordick and Linhardt recognized several motifs on the structure of the spike protein that promised a fit compatible with heparin, a result borne out in the binding study. The spike protein is heavily encrusted in glycans, an adaptation that protects it from human enzymes which could degrade it, and prepares it to bind with a specific receptor on the cell surface.
"It's a very complicated mechanism that we quite frankly don't know all the details about, but we're getting more information," said Dordick. "One thing that's become clear with this study is that the larger the molecule, the better the fit. The more successful compounds are the larger sulfated polysaccharides that offer a greater number of sites on the molecules to trap the virus."
Molecular modeling based on the binding study revealed sites on the spike protein where the heparin was able to interact, raising the prospects for similar sulfated polysaccharides.

Career Opportunities for Pharm D (Doctor of Pharmacy) or What after Pharm D

Career Opportunities after Pharm D (Doctor of Pharmacy) or What after Pharm D

Many people think about joining the

 

Here a list of top ten career opportunities after Doctor of Pharmacy;

 

1.Clinical Pharmacist after Pharm D: 

The idea of this degree is to provide the students with a status so different that they would get a chance to work as a pharmacist and a doctor. Clinical Pharmacists have the role of optimizing medication, disease prevention, and healthcare. Clinical pharmacists regulate the therapeutic use of drugs. This job profile repays heavily. Not only in India but countries like the US, Canada, the UK, and Australia, this job profile has a broad scope. Considering this point, there is a light for opting Doctor of Pharmacy. 

 

2.Clinical Research after Pharm D: 

In hospitals or clinical research organizations, Pharm.D graduates are required to perform different research activities to come up with new solutions. The candidates have different roles in the clinical research sector. 

 

3.Analytical Chemist after Pharm D: 

The analytical chemists study the chemical composition of any matter. It is yet another promising job option that can be unblocked with the help of a Pharm.D degree. To become suitable for the job, the students should be well versed in bioanalysis, forensic science, clinical analysis, and materials analysis. Primarily, the role of an analytical chemist is to study the composition and behavior of different substances. 

 

4.Quality control Officers after Pharm D:

In pharmaceutical companies, there is a post of quality control officer who ensures that every medicine of pharmaceutical products is being made as per the prescribed standards. After a Pharm D degree, the candidates can work as quality control officers in this promising job. 

 

 

5.Medical writer after Pharm D:

It is one of the most recompensing jobs in the field of Pharmacy. With a PharmD degree, the students are eligible to become one. The key roles of a medical writer include working in association with the doctors or personnel from pharmacovigilance, to prepare accurate and cost-effective scientific documents. Medical writers are much desired on the global field. Countries like the US, UK, Canada, etc., receive Pharm D graduates very well. Consequently, by knowing how the candidate exchange program works, the students can go abroad to study. 

 

 

6.Community Pharmacist after Pharm D:

Pharm.D graduates can work as a community pharmacist and play an vital role in uplifting the community health. The community pharmacists impart information about medical drugs and their usage to the people.

 

7.Pharmacovigilance Associate after Pharm D:

Pharm. D associates have different roles during the development and testing of new drugs. Pharmacovigilance associates are also desired by the clinical research organizations to test the adverse drug effects on different patients. In Pharmaceutical industries also, there are openings for Pharmacovigilance associates who keep a check on the safety of drugs being manufactured.

 

8.Pharmacoeconomics researcher after Pharm D: 

It is a discipline that combines the postulates of economics and Pharmacy. Under this study, the cost and effect of one therapeutic drug are compared to another drug. Their evaluations can be categorized as cost-effective and cost-utility.

 

 

9.Drug Inspector after Pharm D: 

Drug inspectors are responsible for licensing and regulating the use, distribution, and sales of drugs. To be a drug inspector, one needs to appear in the relative government exam.

 

10.Teachers/Professors after Pharm D:

For those seeking to join the academic front, Pharm.D can help them very well. After this degree, the candidates can work as teachers in Pharmacy or another related curriculum educational Institutes. The students can also explore the opportunities for further studies in India. 

 

 

              There are lot more Career Opportunities after Pharm D. Pharm D is full of options that have not been explored by many people. It is a very appealing postgraduate degree for those who aspire to pursue something other than degree and Engineering courses. PharmD builds a link between the students and a better, brighter tomorrow. You are believing and deciding that you want to stay in the field for the long term. The instance you choose Pharm D, you mark the initiation of your success story. You can choose your best suitable career after your Pharm.D.

“Senior Research Fellow” (SRF) at NIMHANS

Applications are invited from eligible candidates, for the post of  “Senior Research Fellow” (SRF) on contract basis for the ICMR funded project entitled “Cell-free therapeutic approach to Parkinson’s disease using exosomes of human dental pulp stem cells as drug delivery tool through intranasal route” – under the guidance of Dr. Indrani Datta, Associate Professor of Biophysics & Principal Investigator.

Post: Senior Research Fellow (SRF)

Essential Qualification : M.Pharm with a good academic record. or M.Sc degree in the field of regenerative medicine /biophysics/ physiology/ biochemistry.  Two years of hands-on research experience after Master degree is mandatory.

Desirable : Experience in animal model generation, tissue processing, molecular biology and biochemistry will be required.

Nature of Work : The project covers extensively on in vivo Parkinson’s disease model, biodistribution of exosomes isolated from DPSCs, protein and gene expression studies.

Maximum Age Limit : 28 Years

Emoluments Per Month : Rs.35,000/- + 24% HRA

Duration of the Project : 3 years Initial appointment will be made for a period of six months and will be extended further depending upon the performance of the candidate.

Eligible candidates fulfilling the criteria must email their applications, along with resume and age proof to indranidatta.biophysics@gmail.com. The candidates, who apply, should invariably mention the Notification No., Date of birth, email ID, Contact No. and Postal address, failing which the application will not be considered.

Eligible candidates will be shortlisted. Interview will be conducted via video conference call and the details will be communicated to the shortlisted candidates. The last date for receipt of filled in softcopy of the applications along with the relevant documents is 27.07.2020. Applications received later will not be entertained.

Note:
1. The candidate joining will be subject to the procedure of quarantine from time to time as per the notification of the Govt. of Karnataka.
2. The quarantine period of the candidate will not be considered for salary & it will be at the personal cost of the candidate. The candidate cannot claim Institutional accommodation for the Quarantine.

JNTUA Guidelines to Conduct Examinations in view of COVID-19

Dear all,

JNTUA, Ananthapuramu has released Guidelines to Conduct Examinations in view of

COVID-19. You can download the document by clicking through this link.

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1j726UjIE6wvEaN3eOI8KTgm5LzjRdL91/view?usp=sharing

How to choose top notch research work in 5th Pharm D

As far as my knowledge concern, Pharm D 5th year is one such critical stage where the students are supposed to do a project work on areas related to pharmacoepidemeology, Pharmacotherapeutics, Pharmacokietics, Clinical Pharmacy etc.,

The project can be of any type but the key factors to be noted are :

1.Would that be useful for us in building up our resume?

2. Can we learn skills like statistical analysis, result determination, thesis writing?

3. Is our project really show a change in the topic of our interest. If not at least can it cause a change in our level of knowledge?

The title you choose should satisfy all of the above qualities.

Coming to the topics of project, we can do something related to :

1. Comparative studies like between drugs/diseases/Age Vs disease etc.

2. Prescription analysis example compile N number of prescriptions related to your interested variable and start analyzing the results about QOL, Quality of therapy, outcome of treatment etc)

3. Pharmacokinetic studies like You are supposed to tie up with a CRO and collect data of drug trial on patients and analyse the results.

4.Survey based study ( simplest one, prepare a questionnaire of your topic interested and collect responses from patients/Health care providers and analyse the results)

5. Prevalence and incidence studies( choose topic of your interest and collect data from hospitals/community and perform the prevalence of the disease and possible factors)

6. Multi centered studies ( choose more than two hospitals and collect data for the same topic of your choice and analyse the results and determine the reasons behind differences in disease Incidence Rate and therapy outcome)

We have many more to do upon your interest and abilities.

Feel free to comment here for any specific research in case of further clarifications needed.

Defined daily dose

The DDD is the assumed average daily maintenance dose for a drug for its main indication in adults.

Expressed as DDDs per 1000 inhabitants per day, for chronically used drugs

It can be interpreted as the proportion of the population that may receive treatment with a particular medicine on any given day.

For use in hospital settings, the unit is expressed as DDDs per 100 bed-days (adjusted for occupancy rate); it suggests the proportion of inpatients that may receive a DDD.

For medicines that are used for short-term periods, such as antimicrobials, the unit is expressed as DDDs per inhabitant per year; this provides an estimate of the number of days for which each person is treated with a particular medication in a year.

The defined daily dose (DDD) methodology was developed in response to the need to convert and standardize readily available volume data from sales statistics or pharmacy inventory data into medically meaningful units, to make crude estimates of the number of persons exposed to a particular medicine or class of medicines.

The DDD methodology is useful for working with readily available gross drug statistics and is relatively easy and inexpensive to use. However, the DDD methodology should

be used and interpreted with caution. The DDD is not a recommended or a prescribed dose, but a technical unit of comparison; it is usually the result of literature review and available information on use in various countries.

Prescribed daily dose

The prescribed daily dose (PDD) is another unit, developed as a means to validate the DDDs. The PDD is the average daily dose prescribed, as obtained from a representative sample of prescriptions.

Not useful to estimate incidence and prevalence of drug use or to quantify or identify patients who receive doses lower or higher than those considered effective and safe.